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Intermediate --Test yourself---
1. When Gregory arrived at the disco, Hania ..... .
already left
has already left
had already left
2. If I ..... on holiday to Poland, I wouldn't have met Donata.
didn't go
haven't gone
hadn't gone
3. By the time you get this letter I .... .
will have left
am going to leave
would leave
4. A: What are you doing tonight? B: I'm not sure, I .... to the cinema.
will go
would go
might go
5. Simon forgot .... the lights before he left.
turn off
turning off
to turn off
6. It's no use .... to him. He doesn't listen.
to speak
spoke
speaking
7. Karla was offered the job .... having poor qualifications.
despite
although
even though
8. The offer was too good for David to turn .... .
off
down
away
9. Eric's father ordered him .... out late again.
not to stay
not stay
not staying
10. If only I .... to the barbecue instead of staying at home.
went
had gone
did go
11. Last week we .... to Warsaw.
go
went
goes
12. I .... the film we saw at the cinema on Wednesday.
doesn't like
haven't liked
didn't like
13. Magda .... in England for her holiday last year.
was
were
is
14. My mother .... never been to a cricket match.
hadn't
haven't
has
15. Joanna .... her new mobile phone.
is losing
loses
has lost
16. .... ever seen a comet?
Did you
Have you
Do you
17. If I were rich, I .... buy a huge farm in Somerset.
will
shall
would
18. They .... pass their exam if they studied hard.
would
will
did
19. I wish I .... play a musical instrument.
can
could
should
NOUN CLAUSES
A- Beginning with question words
WHAT do you do *does* not interest me.WHAT do you do * is* my concern.
(NE YAPTIĞIN beni ilgilendirmez.)
WHERE Hehas gone IS not your problem.
(NEREYE GİTTİĞİ senin problemin değil.)
HOW she manages to do it IS NOT known.
WHO said it IS known by everbody.
WHERE she lives DOES not concern me.
(NEREDE yaşadığı beni ilgilendirmez.)
WHO will help you WILL be discussed later.
(Sana kimin yardım edeceği…)
WHICH girls has won th e race WILL be announced later.
(Yarışı hangi kızın kazandığı sonradan açıklanacak.)
WHEN they will return here IS not certain yet.
(Buraya ne zaman dönecekleri…)
B-QUESTION WORDS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE (Soru Kelimelerinin Cümler ortasına alınması)**
I am not sure WHERE she went.(NEREYE gittiğinden emin değilim.)
I do not know HOW she has DONE it.
We have not decided WHERE we will go.***
I know WHAT you have done.
I know WHAT have you done.(Yanlış)
I am certain HOW he has menaged to do it.
C-THAT (=THE FACT THAT) ile bağlanmaları…Olduğu/Olması) ***(
THAT She has been awarded by the jury She was a big surprise.(Jüri tarafından ÖDÜLLENDİRİLMESİ büyük sürprizdi.)
THAT he has failed the test MADE us feel surprised.=THE FACT THAT She has failed the filled the test made us feel surprised.=
-THAT ile THE FACT THAT Farkı (Proposition kullanılıyorsa)
AFTER PROPOSITIONS
We were realy worried ABOUT the fact that she was going to have an accident.(Kaza yapacağı konusunda gerçekten endişeliydik.)
I am tired OF the fact that she has to pass the test.(imtihanı geçmek mecburiyetinde olmasından bıktım.)
I believe
I am sure Yapısında doğru kullanım THAT tır.İstenirse THAT kullanılmaya bilir. Bu yapıları mutlaka cümle izler.
I am sad
I believe THAT She will achieve it. (Eminim Kİ başaracak.)
(Sentence)
D)AFTER certain verbs,certain nouns,certain adjactives
(Hope,expect,think,believe,know,assume,auppose ……)
WITH CERTAIN NOUNS
It is a shame,it is a pittyy, it is a disaster
It is a miracle THAT she has survived.
It is a disaster THAT many people died,in the crash.
It is my belief THAT she has done it on purpose.(benim inancım odur Kİ onu kasten yaptığı inancındayım.)
WITH CERTAIN ADJACTIVES
I am surprised that she has invited met o diner.(Yemeğe çağırmasına şaşırdım.)
I am worried THAT you are going to maket he same mistakes again.(Aynı hataları yapacağından endişeliyim.)
E)WHETHER ------------------OR NOT/ If ---------------------OR NOT (Olup olmayacağı/Yapıp yapmayacağı)
-Cümle başında kulalnılırsa WHETHER ……..OR NOT kalıbının kullanımı doğrudur.-
WHETHER she will attend the party OR NOT will be learnt later.(Pariye GELİP GELMEYECEĞİ sonra öğrenilecek)
WHETHER OR NOT he will help me is not your problem.*****
(Bana yardım edip etmeyeceği senin problemin değil.)
I was worried ABOUT whether she would join us or not.******
CÜMLENİN İKİNCİ KISMINDA whether or not ile if or not eş anlamlıdır.
I am not sure WHETHER/IF he will marry her OR not.
I do not know WHETHER/IF she is going to give the right answer OR not.
F)Promise/predict (Noun Clouse yapısında kulalnılan iki özel fiil)
-Present anlam taşıyorsa cümle WILL yardımcı fiili alan cümle doğrudur.
She has promised THAT sh e WILL be at home before night.
Past anlam taşıyorsa cümle WOULD yardımcı fiili alan cümle doğrudur.
I promised THAT She WOULD do what was said to her.
G-)urge/demand/advise/insist/commend/beg/suggest/desire/order fiil grupları ile başlayan cümlelerin durumu
(Cümle başları hangi tense olursa olsun peşinden gelen noun clouse lar örneklerdeki gibidir…
She SUGGESTED That /V1
She SUGGESTED That you do it (Onun yapmasını teklif etti.)
Veya She SUGGESTED That he do it.
She SUGGESTED he does it ….. YANLIŞ…
He INSISTED that the work be V3
He INSISTED that be work be done by Janet.
She ORDERED that he finished the exercises
She ORDERED that
The exercise be finished.
She DEMANDED that he SHOULD follow the steps.
She DEMANDED that he follow (V1) the steps.
She DEMANDED that the steps will be followed.
Crucial=important/desire/essential/urge/important/necessary
It is necessary THAT you obey the rules in this school.
It is necessary THAT you SHOULD obey the rules in this school.
It is necessary THAT the rules be obeyed.
H)-EVER (Question words with ever)
WHOEVER comes fist,please make him relaxed.(Kim ilk olarak gelsin,onu dinlendir.)
WHATEVER is asked to you ,you SHOULD answer it honestly.(*İkinci kısımlar genellikle cümleye dönüşür.)
WHENEVER I viisit in the country ,I enjoy the scenery.
WHENEVER I viisit in the country , is so nice.(Bu şekilde d ekullanım mümkündür.Yani ikinci kısımda cümle gelmeksizin kullanım)
REPORTED SPEECH (Noun Clause içinde kullanılan yapılardır.)
A)Tense Changes
Present …………………………past tense
Past tense ………………………past perfect tense
Present Perfect tense …………. past perfect tense
Past Continious ………………Past perfect Continious
Preset Continious ……………..Past continious
Future tense ………………….Would V1
B-)REPORTED STATEMENTS /Düz Cümle Aktarımı /Say-tell
Say to somebody
Tell somebody
“I will comw.”
She said to me that SHE WOULD come.
**Test cümleleri,PRESENT,Present Pefect veya FUTURE tense ile başlıyorsa aktarılan cümlelerin tensi değiştirilemez.Yalnızca KİŞİ DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ yapılır.
“I do not lik eschool at all.”
She has told met hat SHE does not like school at all.
“I do not lik eschool at all.”
She told met hat She DID not like school at all.
“I have not done it knowingly.”
She will say to you that She HAS NOT don eit knowingly.
She said to you that She HAD done it knowingly.
C)REPORTED QUESTIONS
Want to know/ ask/want to larn/ wonder(Wonder en çok kulalnılan kalıptır.)
***Bu kalıplardan sonra THAT gelirse cevap yanlıştır.***
She WONDERED WHY she had done it.
“Do you love me?”
She WANTED to learn IF I loved her.(= She WANTED to learn WHETHER I loved her.)
D)Would ile başlayan kalıplar asla DEĞİŞTİRİLEMEZLER.
Would/would like/would prefer/would rather
“I WOULD like to stay here tonight.”
She said She WOULD like tos tay here that night.
E)Mind,should,would kalıpları hep aynı tenste kalırlar,değiştirilemezler.
“I might go tomorrow.”
She said ,, she MIGHT go the next day.
F) IF Clauses ………….Type
If Clauses type2……Type 2
If Clauses type 3 …..Type3
**Type2,type3 değiştirilemez.**
“If you help me,I will appreciate it.”
She said IF I helped her,she would appreciate it.
“If you had told me about it earlier.I would not have punished you.”
She said IF I had told her about it earlier.She would not have punished me..”
*Birinci cümlecikten sonra fiil izlemesi gerekir
** Correct tense uygulaması aranmaz…
***Soru kelimeleri sorudan kurtarılıp Düz cümleye dönüştürülür.
**** Cümle başı anlamını tamamlamaları şartıyla cümle doğrudur…
*****fiil izler(is,will gibi…)
****** Proposition kullanılmış cümlelerde boşluk WHETHER ile tamamlanır.
ekleme tarihi:/15/04/2007
QUANTIFIERS
A)MUCH (-,?)/ with Uncountable nouns
A LOT OF (+)/ with Countable and uncountable nouns
LOTS OF (+)/ with Countable and uncountable nouns
ANY (-,?,+)/with countable and uncountable nouns
SOME (+,?)with countable and uncountable nouns
NO(+) / with countable and uncountable nouns
MANY(-,+,?)/COUNTABLES (A/-s) WITH NOUNS
*Do you have MANY FRIENDS in the room?
Yes,I have A LOT OF friends
=many=
=some=
Do you have MUCH TIMES?
Yes,I have SOME Time to help you.
We have ALOT OF books in English.
countable
She has A LOT OF INFORMATIONS about it.
uncountable
She has A LOT OF dresses.
I have LOTS of MONEY in the bank.
I do not have ANY close FRIENDS.
Do you have ANY FOOD to eat?
uncountable
***ANYbody can answer it easly.(Everybody can answer it.) positive meaning***
You can come ANYday you want.* positive meaning*
We have SOME relatives in İzmir.
He has SOME MONEY to use.
***Do you want SOME tea?*question meaning*
Do ,you need SOME help?
We have NO time to catch them.
There are NO theatres in the city.
B)too many(-)with countable nouns (Çok fazla /aşırılık gösterirler.)
Too much (-)with uncountable nouns
There are TOO MANY people at the party.,so I got bored.
There was TOO MUCH sugar in the coffee,so I coul not finish it.
C) A few (+) few (-)/ a little (+) little (-)
Az ama yetiyor. Countable uncountable uncountable
Birkaç tane yetmeyecek kadar az
There were A FEW exercises in the book So I could understand it well.
There were FEW exercises in the book . So I could not understand it well.
Do not wory we have A LITTLE time time to leave the house.
Please be quick we have little time.
D)TOO FEW (-) with countable nouns TOO LITTLE (+)with countable nouns
Yetmeyecek kadar az
Çok az
She had TOO FEW neighbours So She got bored.
We have TOO LITTLE Informations So we could not finish the Project.
E)SOME OF/ ANY OF/ A FEW OF / A LITTLE OF
(Genelden özele dönme durumu söz konusudur Yani my,that,this,your vb takılarla kullanılırlar.)
Some of my friends …/ ANY OF this Money ….
You can use ONLY A LITLE OF THIS Money,the rest of the Money is mine.
SOME OF THE STUDENTS in my class ARE not so hardworking.(Spesific meaning)
SOME STUDENTS ARE not hardworking.(general meaning)
F)PLENTY OF SEVERAL
with countable and uncountable nouns with plural nouns
She has PLENTY OF milk in the fridge.
PLENTY=A LOT OF
We have PLENTY OF exercises to do.
He has SEVERAL problems to solve.
G)ONE (with singular nouns) /8HALF (Yarısı) /WHOLE (only with singular nouns)
ALL (with singular and plural nouns)
*ALL zaman takılarıyla daima tekildir.*Zaman takılarının dışında ÇOĞUL anlamlıdır.
Give me ONE book about the subject.(I do not need many boks)
HALF of Money belongs to my mum.
ALL my life I lived in the same town.
A love ALL my friends.
ALL OF US=WE ALL=İkimiz de
ALL OF you must attend the classes(You all must attend.)
My WHOLE time
My WHOLE life
The WHOLE time
Have spent my WHOLE childhood in the country.(ALL my childhood in the country)
H)MOST (çoğu)/with plural and singular nouns
NONE (hiçbiri) with plural and singular nouns
MOST teachers are qualified.
MOST countryside is beautiful.
MOST of her sisters live away.
NONE OF my students IS/ARE absent ,today.(they are all here)
NONE OF his business is correct.
I)BOTH (Plural nouns) EITHER/NEITHER(Singular nouns)
(sadece iki şeye aittirler.)
BOTH of my brothers live in England.
Please be quick,you BOTH can help me.
We have two teachers in Turkish.BOTH of them are very good.
EITHER(İkisinden biri/fark etmez)/NEITHER (İkisi de değil.)
What would you like to drink,coke or ayran? EITHER is fine.
What would you like to drink,coke or ayran?NEITHER,I prefer tea.
EITHER of my classes is/are eager to learn.(I have two English classes)
NEITHER of my classes IS/ARE eager to learn.
BOTH ……….. AND(Hem hem de)
EITHER …….OR(Ya o,ya o)(+,-,?)
NEITHER ….. NOR (Ne o,Ne de o)
BOTH you AND I LIVE in the same town.EITHER you OR I am going to help her.)
EITHER you OR your brothers ARE going to help him.)
NEITHER my mum NOR my dad LikeS my friends.
(*yardımcı fiili belirler.*)
NEITHER my mum NOR my sisterS LIKE my friends.
J)EVERY(HER)*Bütüne ait.* EACH (Her bir/her biri)*Bütünden özele ait.Daima tek başlarına kulalnıldıklarında tekişl analmlıdır.)
EVERYbody is going to join the camp.EACH will bring some food.
EVERY OF /EACH OF …….. *Of ile kulalnıldıklarında çoğul anlamlıdırlar.Fakat yardımcı fiiller was/is gibi tekildir.*
EVERY OF the children IS noisy.
EACH OF my sisters IS unhappy.
K)ANOTHER(Bir başka)general with singular nouns.
I am busy at the moment .Please come ANOTHER day.
THE OTHER(Diğeri) *iki şeyden öteki/with singular WERBS not nouns.
I have met two girls.One is from İstanbul and THE OTHER IS from Bursa.
I hav etwo close friends.ONE of them liveS in the city and THE OTHER LIVES away.
OTHER(diğer/diğerleri)/ with plural nouns
I have seen many places in Turkey. One of them is Antalya OTHER cities ARE İstanbul,Ankara,….
I have six subjects at school .Two of them are English and Turkish.OTHER subjects are Maths,Science,…..
THE OTHERS(diğerleri)+Verb
He has 3 cousins.One of them is teacher.THE OTHERS ARE doctors.
L)THE NUMBER OF (Daima tekil)/A NUMBER OF (bir grup)
THE NUMBER OF people living in poverty IS increasing in TURKEY.
A NUMBER OF teachers ARE waiting to see the headmaster.
M)One-thirds of(Üçte Bir)
One-thirds of the people living in Bursa ARE unemployed.
Two-thirds(Üçte iki)
Two-thirds of th eland in Bursa IS fertile.
N)A great deal of(with uncountable)/a small amount (with uncountable) / alarge amount(with uncountable)
A great deal of my time was spent on exercises.
A big number
A large number ****** with COUNTABLE NOUNS
A small number
A good many=bir çok=(Daima çoğul isim takip eder.)
A small number of people ARE hoping to find a job.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds ve İnfinitivesler, Türkçedeki ismin halleri durumunda kullanılırlar. İngilizce&de ise bir yüklemden sonra çekilmemiş fiiller mastar yapısında gramatik açıdan üç konumda gelebilirler.
1.) Gerund (speaking, going gibi)
e.g. I like swimming.
2.) Infinitive (to speak, to go gibi)
e.g. I want to swim
3.) Bare infinitive (Yalın mastar) (speak, go gibi)
e.g. He made me cry.
Öğrenmeyi istiyorum cümlesinde istemek cümlenin yüklemidir. öğrenmeyi ise çekilmemiş konumda olup, İngilizcede gramatikal olarak yukarıda da söylendiği gibi üç şekilden biri ile ifade edilebilir. Bu bir sistemdir, kuralları vardır. Bu kurallar çerçevesinde uygun olan şekliyle cümle yazılır.
İngilizce'de, cümlede çekimsiz bir fiil denince Gerunds ve İnfinitives olmak üzere iki kullanım akla gelir. Bu durumda biri diğeri için altarnatif konumundadır. Yani eğer cümlede gerund kullanılmıyorsa, onun alternatifi olan infinitive e gidilir. Bu özellik olduğu için bir konunun iyi bilinmesi, alternatifinin de çözülebilmesi anlamına gelir.
● GERUNDS
“Gerund” isim fiil (verbal noun) demektir. Bir fiilin –ing almış biçimidir. “Gerund” lar, bir fiil ve bir isim özelliği taşırlar. Cümlede isim veya zamir olarak kullanılırlar. Basit olarak eğer cümlede iki tane fiil kullanılıyorsa ikinci fiil ya -ing takısı alır, ya başına "to" gelir ya da yalın haliyle kullanılır. Hangi fiilden sonra fiilin -ing takısıyla geleceğini, veya infinitive olarak geleceğini öğrenmenin tek yolu fiilleri ezberlemektir. Çünkü herhangi bir mantık çerçevesinde yapılmamaktadır.
Bazı Fiillerden Sonra Gerund Kullanılır. Bu fiillerin sayısı yaklaşık 40 civarındadır. Bunlar yüklem olacakları zaman sonralarında eğer çekilmemiş bir fiil gelirse, gerund olmak zorundadır. Bu özellik tamamen ezbere dayalı bir durumdur. Aşağıda bu fiilerden en çok kullanılanları verilmiştir. Bu fiiller, yüklem olarak kullanıldığında ve sonrasında çekilmemiş bir fiil geldiğinde bu mutlaka “gerund” olmalıdır.
Avoid:
Understant:
Consider:
Admit:
Anticipate:
Appreciate:
Enjoy:
Mind:
kaçınmak, sakınmak
anlamak
düşünmek
kabul etmek, itiraf etmek
sezinlemek
taktir etmek
hoşlanmak
aldırmak, umursamak, umurunda olmak
Postpone:
Delay:
Defer:
Put off:
ertelemek
Forgive:
Pardon:
Excuse:
ertelemek
Hate:
Detest:
Abhor:
nefret etmek
EXAMPLES
You could have avoided hurting him. (Onu incitmekten kaçınmış olabilirdin veya kaçınabilirdin.)
She considers moving away. (O taşınmayı düşünüyor.)
He hates getting up early. (O erken kalkmaktan nefret eder.)
The thief admitted stealing the money. (Hırsız parayı çaldığını itiraf etti.)
● INFINITIVES
Çekimsiz fiilin kullanıldığı üç yapıdan biri de Infinitives’lerdir. Mastar hareketlerinde Infinitives’lerden faydalanılır.
Hemen sonrasında Infinitive alan fiillerin sayısı yaklaşık 10–15 tanedir. Burada en önemlilerinden birkaç örnek verilecektir. Bu gruba giren fiiller liste halinde aşğıda sunulmuştur. Bu yapıda, yüklemden hemen sonra Infinitive geldiği için hem yüklemin hem de Infinitive'in öznesi aynıdır.
Appear- Seem- Look:
Can afford:
Claim:
Consent:
Decide:
Demand:
Deserve:
Happen:
Hasitate:
Hope:
Learn (How):
Know (how):
Offer:
Plan:
Prepare:
Promise:
Pretend:
Refuse:
Resolve:
Seek- Try- Strive:
Tend:
Threaten:
Undertake:
Would love:
Condescend: Görünmek
Gücü yetmek
İdda etmek
...e razı olmak
karar vermek
İstemek, talep etmek
Hak etmek, layık olmak
Tesadüfen ...mek
Tereddüt etmek
Ummak, ümit etmek
Öğrenmek
Bilmek, tanımak
Teklif etmek
Planlamak
Hazırlamak
Vaat etmek
Gibi davranmak
Red etmek
Karar vermek
...meye çalışmak
Eğiliminde olmak
Tehdit etmek
Üstlenmek
Seve seve...mek
Tenezzül etmek
EXAMPLES
I hope to go there. (Oraya gitmeyi ümit ediyorum.)
He pretends to be a beggar. (Bir dilenci gibi davranıyor.)
I would love to go to that party. (O partiye gitmeyi çok isterdim.)
PARTICIPLES(ULAÇLAR/FİİLLLERİN ŞEKİL DEĞİŞTİRMESİ)
a)Present participles(to v1)
Kullanım yerleri
1)that clauses
-It appears that she knows the truth(gerçeği biliyor görünüyor)
she appears TO KNOW the truth.
-It seems that he is an expert on history.(Tarihte uzmanmış gibi görünüyor)
He seems TO BE an expert on history.
-She pretends that she works hard.(Çok çalışıyormuş gibi görünüyor)
She pretends TO WORK hard.
***to kalıplarını kullanabilmek için zamanların present veya future olması gerekir.
-It is hoped that she will win the exam.(İmtihanı kazanacağı umuluyor)
She is hoped TO WIN the exam.
-It is believed that they earn too much money.
They are believed TO EARN too much money.
-It appears that you practise too much.
You appear TO PRACTISE too much.
-They pretend that they know about it.
They pretend TO KNOW about it.
2)PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PARTICIPLES
(to be verb+ing)
***esas ve yan cümlecik aynı zamanlarda olmalıdır.
Present....................present continious
Past.........................past continious olmalıdır.
-She seems that she is resting at home.
She seems TO BE RESTING at home.
-It was believed that he was working at that time.
He was believed TO BE WORKING at that time.(O anda çalışıyor olduğuna inanıldı)
-It appeared that she was walking for a very long time.
She appeared TO BE WALKING for a very long time.
-It was hoped that they were doing the right thing.
They werehoped TO BE DOING the right thing.
3)PERFECT PARTICIPLES(to have+V3)
***Temel cümlecik başka zamanda diğer cümle past,past perfect,present perfect olacaktır.
-It appears that he has lost his fortune.(Mirasını kaybetmiş görünüyor)
He appears TO HAVE LOST his fortune.
-It seems that she had failed the test.
She seems TO HAVE FAILED the test.
-It is known that you have finished all the money.
You are known TO HAVE FINISHED all the money.
-It is hoped that she will have bought the house by that time.
She is hoped TO HAVE BOUGHT the house by that time.
4)PASSIVE INFINITIVES(TO BE v3/TO HAVE BEEN v3)
-It appears that she has been sacked from school.
Sheis appeared TO HAVE BEEN sacked from school.
-It is expected that she is accepted by everybody.
She is expected TO BE ACCEPTED by everybody.
-I think that he was seen there.
He is thought TO HAVE BEEN SEEN there.
-I hope that He has succeded the exam.
He is hoped TO HAVE SUCCEDED the exam.
-He believed that he passed the others.
He was believed TO PASS the others.
I belived that he was decided by the others.
He was believed TO BE DECIDED by the others.
-I think that he had been robed in the bank.
He is thought TO HAVE BEEN ROBED in the bank.
-ı thought that you told her a lie.
You were thought TO TELL her a lie.
-I hope that you will come again.
You are hoped TO COME again.
-I believe that she has crossed the sea.
She is believed TO HAVE CROSSED the sea.
-It is suspected that he had been informed wrongly.
He is suspected TO HAVE BEEN INFORMED wrongly.
-It is known that he has missed the oppotunity.
He is known TO HAVE MISSED the opportunity.
-She pretends that she is working too hard.
She pretends TO BE workıng too hard.
-It seems that she has been working for all day long.
She is seemed TO HAVE BEEN working for all day long.
-She claims that they have been trying hard.
They are claimed TO HAVE BEEN trying hard.
5)RELATIVE CLAUSES(V+ING)
-The boy who is over there standing is my best friend.
The boy standing over there is my best friend.
-The chair which is in the kitchen is my mothers.
The chair being in the kitchen is my mothers.
-The woman who was talking to you was my grandmother.
The woman talking to you was my grandmother.
-The book which is about Tarkan is the best seller.
The book being about Tarkan is the best seller.
-The boy who spoke at the meeting was perfect.
The boy speaking at the meeting was perfect.
6)RELATIVE CLAUSES-PASSIVE-V3
-The secretary who was telephoned was absent.
The secratary telephoned was absent.
-The girl who was given a punishment cried.
The girl given a punishment cried.
-My neighbour who was forced to leave here is very sad.
My neighbour forced to leave here is very sad.
7)AFTER ADJACTIVES RELATIVE CLAUSES
-The woman who is UNHAPY to be with him is going to divorced.
The woman unhapy unhapy to be with him is going to divorced.
-My husband who is fond of sports watches all matches.
My husband fond of sports watches all matches.
I want a flat which is very big to live in.
I want a flat very big to live in.
THE FIRST,THE SECOND,THE ONLY GİBİ İFADELER VARSA(TO V1) KULLANILIR
-You are the first person who has won the exam.
You are the firs person TO WIN the exam.
-My mother is the only person who helps me.
My mother is the only person TO HELP me.
-He is the second man who left the city.
He is the second man TO LEAVE the city.
9)RELATIVE CLAUS'UN YÜKLEMİ PASSIVE İSE(to be V3)OLUR.
-The man who was helped by his neighbours was Mr.Brown.
The man TO BE HELPED by his neighbours was Mr.Brown.
-The best way which can be followed isn't known.
The best way TO BE FOLLOWED isn't known.
10)TIME CLAUSES-(AFTER,BEFORE,WHEN,WHILE,SINCE.....V+ING)
After SHE COMES home,she starts doing her homework.
After COMING home she starts doing her homework.
-When he finishes his school he will find a good job.
ON/In FINISHING his school he will find a good job.
-Before he gets married he will finish the school.
Before getting married he will finish the school.
11)REASON CLAUSES(AS-SINCE/V+ING)
-As she is a teacher she can help you(Öğretmen olduğu için sana yardım edebilir.)
(As) being a teacher she can help you.
-Since she has a lot of friends, she never get bored.
Having a olt of friends she never get bored.
12)CONCESSIONS CLAUSES---ALTHOUGH,WHILE--- (v+ıng)
-ALTHOUGH I do not like her I usually visit her.(Onu sevmememe rağmen onu ziyaret ederim)
Although NOT likING her I usually visit her.
-WHILE I confess that she is very honest I never trust him.(Onun dürüst olduğunu itiraf etmeme rağmen ona asla güvenmem)
While confessING that she is very honest I never trust him.
IF CLAUSES(V+İNG)
If you listen to me carefully,you will be succesful.
If listening to me carefully,you will be succesful.
If it is used correctly,it is very helpful.
If being used correctly it is very helpful.
PARTICIPLPES
Present participles (V-ing)
Perfect participles (having V3- active)
Past participles(V3)+passive
a)AND ile yapılan participles
She went out AND she slammed the door.
*She went out SLAMMING the door.
I wrote a letter to him AND thanked for his help.
*I wrote a letter to him THANKING for his help.
b)After,before,when,while
AFTER she has finished her school ,she will g oto the another city.
*AFTER FINISHING her school she will g oto the another city.
WHEN ……….ON(UPON)
WHEN I arrived ,I found the house empty.
WHEN/ON (UPON)ARRIVING home,I found the house empty.
ON LIVING the city she found a job.
WHILE ………..IN
WHILE I was coming home I met an old friend.
IN COMING home I met an old friend.
c)ADVERBS OF CONTRAST(Although/While---oysa ki anlamında)
ALTHOUGH she didn’t know the right answer she tryed to the her best.
ALTHOUGH NOT KNOWING the right answer she tryed to the her best.
ALTHOUGH I have enogh money with me I am not going to buy it.
ALTHOUGH HAVING enough money with me I am not going to buy it.
WHILE she trustworthy her brother is unreliable.
Farklı Farklı
özne özne
WHILE her BEING trustworthy her brother is unreliable.
d)ADVERBS OF REASON(AS /SINCE)
AS I was so tired I preferred going to bed.
SINCE/AS BEING so tired I prefred going to bed.
e)RELATIVE CLAUSES ile Kullanım
ACTIVE FORM
The girl WHO WANTED TO BE AN ACTRESS achieved her aim.
*The girl WANTING TO BE an actress achieved her aim.
I like listening to songs WHICH is about love .
*I like LISTENING to songs BEING about love.
The teacher WHO TEACHES US is going to leave the city.
*The teacher TEACHING us is going to leave the city.
f)IF/UNLESS
If you do not obey the rules you are going to be punished.
*IF NOT OBEYING the rules you are going to be punished.
You won’t be alloved to go out UNLESS you do what I say.
*UNLESS DOING what I say you won’t be alloved to go out.
PERFECT PARTICIPLES
Having + V3
Present perfect/past perfect/past tense
AFTER she had done the homework,she met her friend.
*HAVING DONE the homework,she met her friend.
AFTER they had bought some food,they returned home.
*HAVINH BOUGHT some food ,they returned home.
AFTER I’ve done the all exercise I’ll join you.
*HAVING DONE the all exercise I’ll join you.
AFTER she dismissed from school she started a new life.
*HAVING BEEN dismissed from school she started to new life.
PAST PARTICIPLES
(Passive olmak durumu söz konusu bu kullanımda)
The man WHO WAS PROMOTED seems to be very hapy.
*The man promoted seems TO BE very happy.
The film WHICH was shown on TV last night doesn’t appeal to me.
*The film SHOWN on TV last night doesn’t appeal to me.
THe boy left happy because he had been given the prize.
*The boy GIVEN the prize left happy.
PRESENT TENSE ………...PARTICIPLE ŞEKLİ……..TO VERB OLUR
It appears that she lives a silent life.
*She appears TO LIVE a silent life.
FUTURE TENSE……….PARTICIPLE ŞEKLİ ……TO VERB OLUR
It seems that she will be very happy.
*She seems TO BE very happy.
PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSE……….TO BE V+ing OLUR
It appears that he’s hardworking.
*It appears TO BE working hard
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE…………….TO HAVE V3 OLUR
It looks that SHE HAS RECOVERED from illness.
*She Looks TO HAVE RECOVERED from illness.
PAST PERFECT…TENSE………………… TO HAVE V3 OLUR.
It seems that SHE HAD LOST the keys.
*She seems TO HAVE LOST the keys.
PAST TENSE:::::::::::::::TO HAVE V3 veya TO VERB OLUR.
It looked that she won the biggest prize.
*She looked TO WIN the biggest prize.
IT looks that she won the biggest prize.
*She looks TO HAVE WON the biggest prize.
GERUNDS
BEING
I hate people talking behind me.
*I hate BEING talked behind me.
I love people helping me.
*I love BEING helped me.
It’s known that she has stolen the Money.
*She’s known TO HAVE STOLEN the Money.
(Parayı çaldığı biliniyor.)
We think that SHE IS TRYING TO solve her problems on her own.
*She’s Thought TO BE trying solve her problems on her own.
We BELIEVED THAT you DID IN ON PURPOSE
*You were believed TO DO it on purpose.
We suppose that she committed the crime.
*She is supposed TO HAVE committed to crime.
GERUNDS CÜMLE BAŞINDA İSE V+ing İLE TAMAMLANIR
PLAYING football at weekend is my favourite pass time.
WATCHING TV and swimming are my favourites.
GERUNDS FİİL değil de İSİM TAMALARSA TEKİL olurlar.
MAKING an apple cake and apple pie IS so easy form e.
14)GERUNDS(V+İNG)
ACTİVE(v+İNG) PASSIVE(being+V3)
I prefer sitting at home
I admit telling a lie.
I hate people,talking about me.
I hate BEING TALKED about me.
I like people visiting me very often.
I like visiting me very often.
I like BEING VISITED me by other people.
-John admit that he had stolen the car.
Present past
John admits HAVING STOLEN.(Zaman uyumundan dolayı böyle oldu)
-Susan denies that she has said it.
Susan denies HAVING said it.
He suggests that SHE was seen with a stranger.
He suggests HER HAVING SEEN with a stranger.
Sandra admits that TIM had been given a punishments.
Sandra admits HIS HAVING BEEN GIVEN a punishment.
15)AFTER,BEFORE(HAVING+V3)
After she had finished the course,she felt happy.
HAVING finished the course she felt happy.
They had invited us BEFORE they went.
BEFORE GOING they had invited us.
She felt lonely AFTER she had left the city.
She felt lonely HAVING LEFT the city.
INFINITIVES(to verb)
A)AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
Agree,appear,hope,intend,want,remember,forget,seem,sound,believe.
She agreed TO COME with us.
It appears TO BE cold.
I hope TO SEE you again.
She seems TO BE very happy.
It sounds TO BE very good.
I intend TO GO to university.
I believe TO PASS the exam.
B)AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES
Happy,easy,sorry,sad,difficult,...
I'm happy TO SEE you.
Adj. İnf.
She is certain TO FINISH it.
Adj. İnf.
IT's easy TO ANSWER it.
Adj. İnf.
I'm sory TO SAY so.
Adj. İnf.
He's sad TO LEAVE.
Adj. İnf.
IT'S difficult TO LIVE in a big city.
Adj. İnf.
C)TOO(-),ENOUGH(+ -) MUTLAKA INFINITIVE İLE KULLANILIR.
She's too young TO live alone.(Yalnız
Adj.
yaşayamayacak kadar genç.)
IT's too expensive TO busy.
She isn't old ENOUGH TO drive a car.(Araba
Adj.
kullanacak kadar yaşlı değil)
They are FRIENDLY ENOUGH TO talk
Adj.
to.(Konuşulacak kadar dost insanlar)
He is TOO busy TO visit us.(bizi ziyaret edemeyecek
Adj.
kadar meşgul)Bu cümlenin zıddı:He isn’t To free enough visit us. Adj.
I am m TOO tired TO go out.(Dışarı çıkamayacak kadar
Adj.
yorgunum)Bu cümlenin zıddı:I am not RELAXED ENOUGH TO go out.
She is TOO CONCEITED TO talk to.(konuşulmayacak kadar kendini beğenmiş.)Bu cümleninj zıddı:She is not MODEST ENOUGH TO talk to
***ENOUGH;HEM SIFATLARLA HEM DE İSİMLERLE KULLANILIR.
Enough + noun
I have not got ENOUGH time TO visit you. (noun) ( inf.)
They have not got ENOUGH place TO have a party.
(noun) (inf. )
adjactive+ enough
I’m not free ENOUGH TO visit us.
Adj.
D)would like/would prefer/would love+INFINITIVE(Daima infinitive ile kullanılır)
I would like TO help you.
I would prefer TO stay here.
I would love TO talk to you.
F)ONLY+ INFINITIVE
I want to earn money ONLY TO spent it.
They went out ONLY TO see their friends.
BARE INFINITIVES(to almayan infinitifler)
A)HAD BETTER/WOULD RATHER
She had better go now.
Bare inf.
I would rather SEE you than see her.(FİİL VARSA
V1
1.HALİ)***Onu görmektense seni görmeyi tercih ederim.***
1)I would rather you went.(Özne varsa fiilin 2.hali)
v2
2)I would rather he helpED me.(anlam presenttir.)
v2
3)I would rather NOT go out.
I would rather NOT say it.
B)BÜTÜN MODALLAR+BARE INFINITIVE
You can SEE her today.
She would CAME if you could.
C)AFTER MAKE,HEAR,LET,HELP,SEE,+BARE INFINITIVE.
You make me cry.
She never lets me go out.
I helped him do it.
I heard her say it.(Onun söylediğini işittim)
She saw me steal it.(Çaldığımı gördü)*HAREKET BİTMİŞ.*
D)PASSIVE+MAKE +TO INFINITIVES
She was made TO answet it.(Cevaplamaya zorlandı)
(zorlamak)
He was seen TO run away.(Kaçtığı görüldü)
I was heard TO cry.(Ağladığım duyuldu)
GERUNDS(Ving)
A)AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
Like,hate,mind,suggest,admit,deny,finish,can nnot help,consider,miss,advise.
I hate cookING
She suggested goING out.
The boy denied stealING the bag.
She finished workING.
She ca not help thinkING.
Would you mind openING the door.,
B)AFTER SOME PATTERNS
It is no use speakING behind him.
(yararı yok)
It is worth seeING it.(Onu görmeğe değer)
It isn’t worth talkING about.(Hakkında konuşmaya değmez)
There is no point (in) tryING it.
(yararı yok)
(manası yok)
I have difficulthy (in) speakING English.
(zorluk çekmek)
In addition to beING very beautiful,she is very honest.
It is no good buyING it.
C)AFTER PROPOSITIONS+GERUNDS(Ving)
I am interested in takING photographs.
Are you fond of listenING t o rock music.
She is addicated to smokING.
(bağımlı olmak)
D)AFTER WASTE AND SPENT + GERUND(Ving)
She wastes her time sleepING all day.
Did you spent all the money buyING new clothes?
E)After hear,listen,see,watch,notice+GERUNDS(Ving)
We heard her singING.(Şarkı söylediğini işittik)
I watched him crossing the road.
She noticed him stealing the money.
F)LOOK FORWARD TO,BE USED TO, GET USED TO,BE ACCUSTOM TO, ADMIT TO, OBJECT TO +GERUNDS(Ving) (karşı çıkmak)
I object to smokING in public places.
She is used to gettING up very early.
I am looking forward to seeING you again.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Verbs taking gerunds or infinitives.
Remember;kendi anlamını taşıdığında INFINITIVE alır.
I always remember TO LOCK the door.(Kapıyı kilitlemeyi hep hatırlarım)
I always remember seeING you for the first time.(Seni ilk gördüğüm zamanı hatırlıyorum)
Did you remember TO INVITE him?(Onu davet etmeyi hatırladın mı?)
Do you remember dancING with your boyfriend at the party?(Arkadaşlarınla partide dansettiğini hatırlıyor musun?)
FORGET;
I never forget TO buy a newspaper while coming home.(Eve gelirken gazete almayı hiç unutmaz)
I forgot doING it so I did again.
STOP;durmak anlamında infinitive/bırakmak anlamında gerund(Ving)
She stoped TO talk to me.
Please, stop makING noise.
She stopped visitING us.
NEED;
I need TO see you.(Seni görmeye ihtiyacım var)
Your hair needs dyING.
My shoes need polishING.
Ourhouse needs paitING.
TRY;uğraşmak anlamında INFINITIVE
Denemek anlamında gerund(Ving)
I always TRY TO do my best.(elimden gelenin en iyisini yapmaya çalışırım)
Why do not you TRY cookING Italian food.
REGRET;pişman olmak(kendi anlamında GERUND alır)
I always REGRET leavING the school.(Okulu bıraktığıma pişmanım)
Do you REGRET TELLing so?(Öyle dediğin için pişman mısın?)
***Üzgün olmak anlamında TO alır.***
I REGRET TO tell you that your son is lost.(I am sory to tell you)
MEAN;(anlamına gelmek)***Kendi anlamında GERUND alır***
English means workING a lot.(İngilizce çok çalışmak demek)
Money means buyING wharever you want.
***demek istemek anlamında TO alır.***
I did not mean TO say it.(Onu demek istemedim.)
***like,hate,enjoy,love,dislike,prefer fiillleri GERUND ile kullanılırlar.INFINITIVE ile kullanılınca anlam DEĞİŞTİRİRLER.
I like stayING at home in the evenings.
I like TO stay home that night.
She enjoys meanING new people(Yeni insanlarla tanışmaktan hoşlanır)
She enjoyed TO meet new people at the party.
*1*allow someone to do
She allows me to go out.
Allows/Ving
She allows smokING.
2**let someone do
She lets me go out.
3**make.....................He makes me go out.
Be made..............He was made TO go out.
4**recommend/Ving
I recommend goING.
She recommended me To go.
5**get someone to do(birinden bir şey yapmasını istemek)
I got her TO go.
6**want someone to do
She wants me TO study.
7**help,watch,observe,hear, see,notice fiilleri ya bare inf.V1, veya Ving’li kullanılırlar.
I always help her DO the homework.(bare inf.)
I saw him GO out(dışarı çıkıp gittiğini gördüm)(bare inf.)
I heard him sing a song.
....................................................................................................
I watched him goING out.(çıktığını gördüm,çıkarken
gördüm......sonrasını görmedim)
8**urge someone TO DO something.
Ask someone TO DO
Recommend someone TO DO something.
Advise TO DO
GERUNDS(EK BİLGİ)
V-V-ing
Like walking
Hate dancing
A)AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
Admit/hate/consider/advise
She admitted stealing the Money.
I am cosidering going away.
B)At the beginning of a sentence
*Staying at home is sometimes very boring.(General)
*To stay at home tonight is a good idea.(spesific)
C)AFTER PROPOSITION
*She is tired OF working.
*They are afraid OF climbing.
D)NOUN + PROPOSITION +GERUNDS
*She stayed at home INSTEAD OF meeting her friends.
E)SOME PATTERNS
*In addition to studying hard,she work as a waitress in the afternoon.
F)SOME EXPRESSIONS
*No use (yararsız),no good (faydasız)/no point in(anlamsız)/wort (değer)/worthless (değersiz)/have difficulty in(Problem yaşamak)/what about ?(ne dersin)/how about?(ne dersin)
*There is NO POINT IN begging him.
G)VERBS +PROPOSITION+GERUNDS
*She wants to succeed IN getting the job.
H)VERB+OBJECT+PROPOSITION +GERUND
*He accused her OF stealing his Money.
*WASTE/SPEND
*He SPENDS his time watching TV.
Do not WASTE your Money buying chocolate.
GERUND ALAN BELLİ BAŞLI ÖNEMLİ FİİLER
Acknowladge/advocate/anticipate/appreciate/avoid/admit
Consider/contemplate
Defer/detest/delay/deny/dislike/discuss/dispute
Endanger/enjoy/envisage/escape/excuse/
Fanvy/favor/finish/foresee/forgive
Imagine/include/involve
Justify/keep
Mean/mention/mind/miss
Necessitate
Recollect/recall/repent/report/resent/resist/risk
Pardon/privent/practise/prevent/prohibit/postpone
on ile kullanılan propositions
A
act(hareket,davranmak,rol oynamak)
B
base(temel,esas,baz)
C
call(çağırmak,seslenmek,adlandırmak,tel.etm.)
comment(yorumlamak,eleştirmek)
concentrate
congratulate
consult(danışmak,sormak)
count
D
depend
dependend
decide
draw
E
expriment
embark
economize
I
insist(ısrar etmek)
intent
K
keen(keskin,şiddetli,canlı,akıllı)
L
live
lean(zayıf,cılız)
O
operate
P
perform(yerine getirmek,rol yapmak)
pride(kibir,övünme,küme)
R
rely(güvenmek)
V
vote(oy vermek,seçmek)
W
write
of ile kullanılan propositions
A
accuse:suçlamak
afraid
ahead
approve:tasdikli,izinli
assure:sigorta etmek,söz vermek
aware:farkında,haberdar
B
beware:dikkatli olmak,korunmak
boast:övünmek,yüksekten atmak
C
capable
careful
certain
complain
conscious:bilinçli,farkında olan
consist:ibaret olmak,oluşmak
convince:inandırmak,ikna etmek
cure
D
despair:ümitsizlik,üzüntü
dream
E
east
envious:kıskanç,gıpta eden
F
fond:seven,düşkün
full
G
guilty:suçlu
hear
I
independent:
ignorant
J
jealous
K
kind
N
north
P
proud:iftihar eden
R
remind:hatırlatmak
be/get rid:kurtarmak
S
short
shy
smell
south
sure:güvenilir,kesin,sağlam
suspect:şüphelenmek,kuşkulanmak
T
think
tire(d)
W
warn
west
worthy:değerli,uygun,yaraşır
AT İle kullanılan propositions
A
amuse(D):eğlendirmek,güldürmek
angry:
arrive
astonish:şaşırtmak,hayrete düşürmek
B
bad
better
busy
C
clever
E
efficient,
exclaim:bağırmak,haykırmak
expert:usta,bilirkişi
G
glance:göz gezdirmek
good
guess:tahmin,tahmin etmek
I
indignant:dargın,kızgın
K
knock:vuruş,darbe
L
laugh
look
P
paint
peel
peer:dikkatle bakmak
Q
quick
S
sad
shock
skilful:hünerli,becerikli
slow
stare:sabit bakış
surprise
surprise
W
wonder:harika,mucize,hayret
wonderful
work
GERUND-INFINITIVE PRATİK BİLGİLER
ANLAM DEĞİŞTİRENLER FİİLER
Mean
Forget
Remember + V-ing/Verb1
stop
see
hear +V-ing/Verb 1
watch
notice
make
let + V1
help
*recommend/allow/advice +somebody to do something
*would betterr/would better …….. to ya döner.
Example:You had beter LOCK your doors when you leave your house.
*try…… denemek anlamında ( O güne mahsus denemek anlamında):V-ing
*try:uğraşmak anlamında:to ya döner
*regret:üzüntü duymak anlamında:to ya döner
*regret:pişman olmak anlamında:Ving e döner.
Need ….. active ise /Kişiler başta ise to alır
Example:I need to practise English.
*Objeler başta ise ing takısı alır.
Example:Your English NEEDS practising.
*Objeler başta ve passive ise “to be V3” olur.
Example:Your English NEEDS to be practised.
Example:Did you sweep the flor?
No,it did not NEED to be cleaned.
Stop:finish anlamında :ing alır.
Stop:durmak anlamında:to alır.
*Bütün sıfatlar “to” ya döner
Example:My friend said sh eis very EAGER to meet a real Hollywood star.
*It’s NECESAARY to alter the system is not it?
*imagiene:doing sth
Example:Can you IMAGINE living without electricity.
*It is known that şeklindeki kalıplar “to”ya bağlanır.
Example:He has never been KNOWN “to tell” a lie.
*assume …. To do sth
Example:John was ASSUMED “to be” a Welshman because of his surname.
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READING PASSAGE-INTERMEDATE
The Guiness Book of Records is a reference book pbulished annually,containing an internatinally recognized collection of world records,both human echievements and the extremes of the natural world.The first edition was published in 1955 when the book became a surprise hit,so many further editions were printed eventually setting into a pattern of one revision each year,published in October to coincide with Christmas sales.Recent editions have focused on record feasts by human competitors.Competitions range from obvious ones such as weightlifting to the more entertaining ones such as longest egg-throwing distance.Several world records that were once in the Guiness Book now are not,for ethnical reasons.
*Verilen soruları yukarıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
1) We learn from the passage that Guiness Book of Records ………..
A)receiving public attention even after the first issue.
B)is not published in October today
C)has lost popularity recently
D)excludes competitions such as weighlifting
E)is stil the best-seller in many countries.
2)In the passage it is implied that ……..
A)The Guiness Book of records is criticized due to ethical reasons.
B)not every records is included in the Guiness Book of Records.
C)records by human competitors have been in The Guiness Book of Records for a long time.
D) The Guiness Book of Records has not been revised since 1955
E)the record for longest egg-throwing distance is not likely to be included in the Guiness Book of Records
3)It is clear from the passage that the records to be included in the Guiness Book of Records ……
A)are not taken seriously by some people
B) should be selected more carefully
c are not releated to the natural world
D) have been selected by the same committee for years
E)are not confined to those about human achievements.
SOM EIMPORTANT PHRESAL VERBS
Be after=go after:peşinden gitmek
Break u:okulların tatil olması
Back up:stand by:destek olmak
Carry on=go on:devam atmek
Catch up with=keep up with
Cut across:kestirmeden gitmek
Cut into bölmek
Call on:call at:kısa ziyaret
Call back on:çaresizlikten kullanmak
Come up=turn up:çıka gelmek
Get out:buradan çık
Get by=live on:idare etmek,hayatını sürdürmek
Give away=betray:ihanet etmek,bağış yapmak
Go after=follow:izlemek
Go through=go over:gözden geçirmek
Go away:uzaklaşmak,uzaklara gitmek.
Give out:yaymak
Go on with =get on well:iyi geçinmek
Figure out=get at:anlamak
Fall true:gerçekleşmemek
Held out:tükenmek
Hand over=hand in:teslim etmek
Lay of:işten çıkarmak
Let on:give away:sırrını açığa vermek
Look back on=remind
Look up to=envious:imrenmek
Look after:bir yaşlıya ,bebeğe bakmak
Look in:bir şeye bakmak
Keep behind:gerisinde kalmak
Pass down:ölmek pass down my voice:sesim kısıldı.
Put acrooss:fikirlerini öne sürmek
Put down=take down=write down:yazmak
Put up with:tolarate/katlanmak
Put away:yerine koymak
See to=deal with
Send for:birini çağırmak
Set off=set out:yola çıkmak
Set the table:masayı hazırlmak
Set the clock:saati kurmak
Set aside=put aside:para biriktirmek
Talk over:bir meseleden bahsetmek.
Take in=deceive:aldatmak
Take up:yer kaplamak/hobi vb bir şeyle ilgilenmeye başlamak
Take after:benzemek
Turn away=turn down:geri çevirmek
Take a part=break up=break of
Take over:yöneretimi devralmak
Take on:sorumluluğu almak
Take off:elbise vb çıkarmak/uçağın havalanması
Trow at:bir şeyi tutsun diye atmak
Trow away:uzağa fırlatmak
Run over:ezilmek
Run down:araçla çarpmak
Run into=bump into:karşılaşmak
Run up:işletmek
Wipe out:tükenmek
TENSES
PRESENT TENSES
A)PRESENT SIMPLE
S+V1
USAGE
a)habitual actions
Example:I always get up early.
b)FACTS
Example:A day is 24 hours.
c)TIME-TABLES
Example:The film begins at 7 in the evening.
d)books/newspapers
Example: A boys meets a girl and they fall in love each other.
e)ALWAYS;USUALLY;NEVER....
Example:I USUALLY go to school by bus.
She never smoke cigarettes.
f)HOW OFTEN
Example:How often do you meet your friends?
B)PRESENT CONTINIOUS
USAGE
a)For the actions which are being done at the moment.
Example:we are studying English in the classroom,now.
b)Repeated actions.
Example:He is BEING SO RUDE these days.
c)NEAR FUTURE
Example:They are arriving TOMORROW:
d)Situations that will be change
Example:They are living in Paris this year.
TIME ADVERBS IN PRESENT CONTINIOUS
at the moment,these days,now,currently,righ now,just now,tonight,next week
C)FUTURE TENSE
a)am
is + going to +V1
USAGE
Plannned,organized
intention
Examples:They are going to mary next week.
I have got a plan.we are going to meet you at the station.
TIME ADVERBS
tomorrow,next,soon...
b)S+WILL+V
USAGE
a)For the things that we decide at the moment of we speak.
Examples:What would you like to drink?
I WILL have coke, please.
-I have got some problems with my children THOSE days.
I WILL help you if you want
b)PREDICTIONS=I hope that,I think,I believe,I am sure +Will
Example:I think he WILL do his best.
c)PROMISES
Example:I PROMISE I will be at home at 4.
I will never tell your secret to anybody.
d)DISTANT FUTURE
Example:People will live on the moon in the future.
D)FUTURE COMNTIONIOUS TENSE
S+will be+Ving
USAGE
a)For th ethings that will be doing in the programmed time in the FUTURE (at four tomorrow)
Example:We are in the class today,but this time tomorrow, I WILL BE sunbathing on the beach.
What will you be doing this time next year?
I will be living in a different city.
TIME ADVERBS
this time,at 6 tommorrow evening
E)FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
S+will have+V3
USAGE
a)For the actions whivh will be completed in the time of tyhe other action take place.
Example: You will HAVE FINISHED finished school by next summer.
By the time ............... Present tense+future perfect
Example:By the time you come back I will heve left for Berlin.
F)FUTURE PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
S+will have been+ving
USAGE
a)For the things that we will be going on for a period of time in the future.
FOR
Example: I will hav ebeen working for the company FOR 4 years next year.
He is a good teacher.he will have been teaching us FOR three years next semester.
G)PERFECT TENSE
S+have
has +V3
USAGE
a)The actions which have gone on until the moment we speak.
Example:we have studied English FOR 3 years.We know English.
She has lived in England SINCE last year.She knows th elife satndart in England.
-He is not hungry.He has eaten his lunch.
Iam tired.I have cleaqned the house all day.
b)Have you seen George?
-Yes,I saw him a few minutes ago.
-Have you met the new teacher?
-Yes, I met her last week.
c)for/since/already/yet/just/so far/until today/up to now/nowadays/recently/in my life time/in his all life/ever-never yapılarıyla kulalnımı yaygındır.
H)PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS
S+HAVE
HAS BEEN +Ving
FOR/SINCE
USAGE
a)For the actions which took place in the past and still going on.
-He is so bored.He has been working FOR three months recently.
-You look pale.what have you been doing SO FAR?
-I have been travelling all over the country SINCE last march.
HOW LONG
She has wanted to do it FOR all her life.
he has been earning so much money SINCE last month.
PAST TENSES
a)PAST TENSE
S+V2
did+S+V1
S+did not+V1 (-)
USAGE
a)For the actins which took place in the PAST.
Example:I lived in a small village when I was child.
-They bought a car last week.
b)When the time of the action is important.
He became a teacher LAST YEAR.
c)Repeated actions in the past.
TIME ADVERBS
last,ago...
d)Last /first
I first met him last month.
B)PAST CONTINIOUS TENSE
S+was
were + Ving
USAGE
a)Forv the actions which were going on for a period of time when the second action took place.
Example: I was relkaxing in my room WHEN he arrived.
b)For th eactions which took place at a certain time in the past
Example:He was travelling to Viyana at 6 yesterday.
-What were you doing all night last night?
- I was reading a story book.
TIME ADVERBS
When........ past tense
While
Just as ....... past continious tense
As
-WHILE You were going away,I was coming back.
WHILE I was sleeping He opened the door.
C)PAST PEFECT TENSE
S+had+V3
a)For the actions which took place before the second one
Example:I HAD never heard his name BEFORE I met him.
-BEFORE I talked to her,I HAD consulted her brother.
TIME ADVERBS
After ..... Past perfect (first action)
Before
Until
when + past tense (second action)
By the time
BY THE TIME my mother returned,we ha finished the work.
D)PAST PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
S+had been+Ving
USAGE
a)for the actions which were going on for aperiod of time when the second action took place.
-When he came,we had been waiting for him for at lkeast an hours.
-It had been raining for 2 days,when it stopped.
*For/since/when..........second action
WERB "TO BE"
Present Past Future Present Perfect Past Perfect
am was will be have been had been
is were am has been
are is going to
are
DURING=WHILE
While i am washing the dishes,she will help me DURING the waqshing-up.
SINCE
Present perfect +Since+Past tense
I have not seen him SINCE I left the village.
SINCE I was a child I have lived in the same town.
ANUMBER OF STUDENTS=A GROUP OF STUDENTS
A group of students are waiting for you
THE number of students in Turkey is (not are) poor.
Many child=a lot of children
I would rather +sentence
I would rather +you said it.
*For the last hour,in the last century
In th elast century we have been able to see a alot of discoveries.
*BY THE TIME he comes back I WILL HAVE LEFT.
*by th etime da 2 hareket vardır.
*UNTIL she comes back,I will wait for her.(Öncelik ve sonralık yoktur.)
- O gelene kadar onu bekleyeceğim.
DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS
(Belirleyiciler)
A-) a lot of (countable+uncountable)
Example:
I have got A LOT OF friends.(countable noun)
I have A LOT OF Money in the bank.(uncountable noun)
LOTS OF(countable+uncountable)…………Sadece İSİMLERİN önüne gelirler.
Example:She has LOTS OF books (noun) in English.
MANY(?,-)………………Çoğul isimlere aittirler.
Example:Do you have MANY clothes?
Yes , I have A LOT OF clothes.
No;I do not have MANY clothes.
ANY (-,? ----HİÇ---Yokluk bildirir.
Example:She doesn’t have ANY time to visit you.
***ANY “Her ne zaman,herhangi bir” anlamlarında OLUMLU olarak kullanılır.
Example: Which dress shoul I wear ?
ANY dress is suitable.(Ne istersen onu giy.)
ANY day you can visit me.(Hangi gün istersen beni ziyaret edebilirsin.)
MUCH (?,-)----- ÇOK------uncountale isimlerle kullanılır.
Example:We do not MUCH food at home.(uncountable).
SOME(+)……….countable + uncountable isimlerle kullanılır.
Example:We have SOME problems in English.
ÖZEL KULLANIM:(Request/İstek bildirirken)
Example:Do you want SOME tea?
NO (countable+uncountable)
Example:I have got NO time to help you.(uncountable)
I have got NO friends to talk to you (countable)
B-)
A FEW (+)
(Not many but enough)…………Countable isimlere aittirler,sayı bildirir.
Example:She has got A FEW relatives in İstanbul.so she never gets bored.
FEW (-)…….. countable isimlere aittir………Hiç yetmeyecek kadar az.
Example:She has got FEW relatives in İstanbul.so she usually gets bored.
A LITTLE(+) ……. Not much but enough
Example:He has A LITTLE time to catch the bus.(He can catch the bus.)
LITTLE (-) Not enough
Example:He has LTTLE time to catch the bus.(He can not catch the bus.)
C-)
TOO FEW (-) …. Countable isimlerle kullanılır.
Example:There were TOO FEW people at the party.(Threre weren’t enough people)
D- ) TOO(-)---- OLumluymuş gibi kullanılır SIFATLARIN önüne gelir.
Example:He is TOO bored to listen to you.(Seni dinlemeyecek kadar canı sıkkın.)
ENOUGH (+,-,?) Verbs,nouns,adjactives ile kullanılır.
Example:You studied (verb) ENOUGH please stop.
They have ENOUGH rooms(noun) in the house.
She is not OLD ENOUGH to live alone.
E-) Some/any/much /a few/few of …………my +Nouns +countable+uncountable
Your
This
That
These
their
Examples: Some people in Turkiye are living in poverty.
(general meaning)
Some of the people in this city are very rich.
(Spesific meaning)
MUCH OF my Money is spent on food.(Paramın çoğu yiyeceğe gidiyor.)
(Spesific meaning)
MANY OF the students are waiting for the headmaster.
REPORTED SPEECH
1)Present V1 ........... past V2
2)Past V2 ..............past perfect(have V3)
3)am,is,are..............was,were
4)was,were..............had been
5)present perfect.......past perfect
have V3............... hadV3
Can..........................could
May .........................might
Must .........................had to
NO CHANGES(Zaman değişikliği yapılmayanlar)
Could .........................could
Should ........................should
Had beter.......................had beter
Would............................would
Examples:I will come if I come.
She said SHE will come if HE COULD.
***Sadece Type Ide değişiklik yapılır.If Clause type 2 ve type 3te değişiklik yapılmaz.
Examples:I do not like your friends (Susan to him)
Susan told him she DID NOT like HIS friends.
We have been to Germany but now we are here in the city.
They said been to Germany but THEN ,THEY were THERE in the city.
My mum wont let m ego out with you.(Selma to Tuna)
Selma told Tuna HER mum WOULDNT let HER go out with HIM.We did not see you at the party.
They told me They HADNT seen me at the party.
SORU KELİMELERİ İLE KULLANIM
Ask,want to know,want to learn
“Where have you been?”
He ASKED me WHERE I had been?
(Nerede olduğumu sordu)
“Why are you leaving so early?”
She ASKED him WHY HE WAS leaving so early.
“How much money do you have?”
She ASKED him HOW MUCH Money HE had?
(Kaç parası olduğunu sordu)
YARDIMCI FİİL SORULARI
***Yardımcı fiil soruları if ile bağlanır.
“Can you tell me the time?”
He ASKED her IF she could tell HIM the time.
“Do you love me?”
She ASKED him IF HE loved her.
(Sevip sevmediğini sordu.)
Öğrenilen konularla ilgili karışık alıştırmalar
“WHAT time is your party?”(He to me)
He ASKED to me WHAT time MY part WAS.
“Did you see the nwe girl in our class.”(Ahmet to Ayşe)
Ahmet TOLD to Ayşe IF she had seen new girl in THEIR class.
“I won’t give you any Money.”(My mum to me)
My mum TOLD to me SHE WOULDN’T give ME any Money.
“I always help my sister with her homework.”(Burak to Tamer)
Burak TOLD to Tamer HE always HELPED HER homework.
“Why do you want to see me?”(Fatma to Ali)
Fatma ASKED to Ali WHY He wanted to see HER.
***************************************************************
ask someone to do
her
him
us
me
them
example:”will you carry my luggage.”
She ASKED me TO cary HER luggage.
CONCESSION ADVERS (ZITLIK)BİLDİREN BAĞLAÇLAR
1)ALTHOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/THOUGH/MUCH AS (RAĞMEN),
*Sadece cümle tamamlarlar.Bunlardan sadece THOUGH cümle sonuna gelir.*
EXAMPLES:ALTHOUGH I studied hard I could not pas the exam.
I could not pass the exam I studied hard THOUGH.
2)DESPITE/IN SPITE OF +noun --Cümleye değil isme bağlanırlar.--
V-ing
It was raining havily .We went for a picnic.
DESPITE the havy rain we went for apicnic.
In spite of
She was ill.She went to on working.
DESPITE/In SPITE OF being ill,she went to on working.
3)DESPITE THE FACT THAT/IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT(Rağmen),
I tried hard,I could not menage to lock the door.
DESPITE THE FACT THAT I tried hard,I could not manage to lock the door.
4)HOWEVER/YET/NEVERTHELESS/NONETHELESS Ama,yine de)
*Cümleyi bağlarlar.*
Example:He did his best HOWEVER could not get the job
YET
NEVERTHELESS
NONETHELESS
5)WHILE/WHEREAS/ON THE OTHER HAND(Ama,diğer yönden,oysa ki)
*While/whereas cümle başına gelirken ON TH EOTHER HAND ikinci kısma gelir.
Example:WHILE/WHEREAS some people are rich,others are poor.
Some people are rich ON THE OTHER HAND others are poor.
6)ON THE CONTRARY/IN CONRAST TO (AKSİNE)
(Cümleye bağlanır.) (İsme bağlanır.)
Example:You say she is so beautiful.ON THE CONTRARY,I find her ugly.
IN COTRAST TO her sister,she is sometimes very rude to people.
7)HOWEVER + ADJACTİVE/No mattter +question words(=whatever,whever =OLURSA OLSUN=
Example:It can be very late you can call me.
However late it can be,you can call me.
=ne kadar geç olursa olsun=
NO MATTER how late it can be,you can call me.
HOWEVER late it is,you can call me.
She is very rich,she lives in poverty.
HOWEVER rich she is,she lives in poverty.
NO MATTER where you go , please let me know it.
 ADJACTIVE+AS
ADJACTIVE +THOUGH ---Olursa olsun---
Example:He is very intelligent.he can not find a decent job.
INTELLIGENT AS /though he is .he can not find a job.
9) the adjactive 2nd form ,the adjactive 2nd form ( Ne kadar o kadar)
Adverb adverb
EXAMPLE:If you read a lot, you learn a lot
The more you read,th emore you learn.(n ekadar okursan o kadar öğrenirsin)
If you leave early,you can arriv ethere early.
The aerlier you leave,the earlier you can arrive.
If she practise a lot ,she can lose weight.
The more she practise,the sooner she can lose.
RESULT CLAUSES
a/an
1)SO adjactive THAT/SUCH adj+noun THAT (O KADAR Kİ))
Example:The museum is interesting.Many people visit it.
Th emuseum is SO interesting THAT people visit it.
It is SUCH an interesting museum taht people viist it.
Fatih is sSO Handsome.Girls admire him.
Fatih is SO handsome THAT girls admire him.
He is SUCH a handsome boy THAT girls admire him.
2)SO …………………. THAT ‘in KULLANILDIĞI DİĞER YERLER
Few/many/little
Much +noun
There were FEW people at the meeting,I felt bored.
There were SO FEW people at the meeting THAT I felt bored.
I had SO LITTLE Money with me.I could not pay the bill.
I had SO LITTLE Money with me THAT I could not pay the bill.
SUCH a lot of THAT
There were SUCH A LOT OF strangers at the party THAT .I wanted to live there.
3)THEREFORE
THUS,
SO
CONSEQUENTLY SONUÇ OLARAK,BÖYLECE,BU YÜZDEN)
AS A RESULT
*Cümlenin ikinci kısmına aittirler,cümleyi bağalmazlar.*
Example:I felt tired.I went to bed early.
I felt tired THEREFORE,I went to bed early.
Sh ecould not find the tickets.She could not g oto concert.
She could not find the ticket.SO,she could not g oto concert.
E)REASON CLAUSES
1)BECAUSE/SINCE/AS ---Çünkü----
Example:She was cross with him.She did not invite him to the party.
AS/SINCE She was cross with him She did not invite to the party.
She did not invite him to the party BECAUSE She was cross with him.
FOR:Cümle başına gelemez.Cümlenin ikinci kısmına aittir.
2)BECAUSE OF
OWING TO + NOUN
DUE TO v-ING
--(Bu yüzden,dolayısıyla)---
Example:my father did not allow me.I did not go out with my friends.
I did not go out with my friends BECAUSE OF my father did not allow me.
3)BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT
OWING TO THE FACT THAT + SENTENCE
DUE TO THE FACT THAT
Example: He was poor.He lived on the outskirts of the city.,
BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT he was poor ,he lived on the skirts of the city.
4)IN AS MUCH AS
IN THAT .......ÇÜNKÜ........
Example:They are close friends.They have known each other SINCE they were born.
They are close friends IN AS MUCH AS they have known each other since they were born.
F)MANNER ADVERBS (DAVRANIŞ)
1)AS IF/AS THOUGH a)Any tense +AS IF/AS THOUGH + any tense
=miş gibi=
Example:It seems AS IF It is going to rain today.
She spoke to me AS IF she knew about it.
b)Present +AS IF + past tense
Example:she treats the people AS IF she were the boss.
She walks AS IF she won the the beauty contest.(ABARTMA VARDIR)
c)Past + AS IF +Past perfect
He behaved towards me AS IF I HAD INSULTED him.(Bana , sanki ona küfretmişim gibi davrandı.)
They struggled AS IF /AS THOUGH they had been enemies.
2)AS LIKE ……………………. (gibi)
Sentence Noun
Example:Please do it AS I have said.(Dediğim gibi yap.)
Please do it LIKE me.(benim gibi yap.)
3)AS ……isim olarak kullanımı
Example:She works AS a teacher in a high school.
He earns his Money AS a consultant.
4)IN THE SAME WAY (AYNI ŞEKİLDE)
Example:people generally live IN THE SAME WAY their parents do.(Ailelerinin yaşadığı gibi yaşarlar.)
G)ADDITIONAL SENTENCES(Ek bilgi veren)
1)BESIDES
MOREVER …………………İlaveten,Ayrıca,üstüne üstlük
FURTHERMORE
*Cümlenin ikinci kısmında noktadan sonra gelmek mecburiyetindeler.*
Example: She is very beautiful .BESIDES ,she is so clever.
(O güzel üstüne üstlük akıllı da)
İstanbul i sthe biggest city in our country.MOREVER It is a tourist attraction.
2)IN ADDITION TO (İlaveten,ayrıca)
Ahmet Works as a shop assistant.He also has a part time job in the morning.
Ahmet Works as a shop assistant .IN ADDITION,he also has apart time job in the morning.
IN ADDITION TO +NOUN
V-ing
Example:She is a university student.She looks after an old lady at nights.
3)OTHERWISE=OR ELSE (YOKSA)
*Cümlenin ikinci kısmına virgülle gelir.*
Example:I did not have enough time. OTHERWISE, I would help you do it.
She does not live with her family.OTHERWISE She WOULD support them financially.
4)ON THE GROUNDS THAT (GEREKÇESİYLE)
Example:They refused his application ON THE GROUNDS THAT he was too old fort he job.(Çok yaşlı olduğu GREKÇESİYLE başvurusunu reddettiler.)
AS TO …….gelince
AS TO where we can go on holiday,Lets g oto Marmaris.
MODALS
A)ABILITY
PRESENT MEANING
Can/can't
Be able to
Examples:she CAN swim well but I can not.
She is ABLE TO speak English well but I am not.
FUTURE MEANING
Will be able to +V1
=yapabilecek olmak=
I am not at university,so I live with my family now.
When I start the university next year,I WILL BE ABLE TO liv e alone.
I am trying hard ,but I think I WILL NOT BE ABLE TO finish it on time.
PERFECT MEANING
*Have been able to +V1
Has
They are on holiday this week.and they have been able visit so many interesting places.
He is an engineer now.
He has been ABLE TO win a lot of prizes.
B) PERMISSION (İZİN)/PROHIBITION(YASAKLAMA)
CAN CAN NOT
You CAN leave as s soon as you finish your work.
(have finished)
You CAN NOT smoke in the hospital.
You CAN NOT leave
FUTURE MEANING
Will be able to +V1
=yapabilecek olmak=
I’m not at university,so I live with my family now.
When I start the university next year,I WILL BE ABLE TO liv e alone.
I am trying hard ,but I think I WON’T BE ABLE TO finish it on time.
PERFECT MEANING
*Have been able to +V1
Has
They are on holiday this week.and they have been able visit so many interesting places.
He is an engineer now.
He has been ABLE TO win a lot of prizes.
B) PERMISSION (İZİN)/PROHIBITION(YASAKLAMA)
CAN CAN NOT
You CAN leave as s soon as you finish your work.
(have finished)
You CAN NOT smoke in the hospital.
You CAN NOT leave the house as longs as you don’t tidy your room.
C)POSSIBILITY(OLABİLİR)
Example:Where is you mum?
I do not know she CAN be at home.
I am not sure but theyu CAN arrive next week.
D)DEDUCTION(OLAMAZ/INANMADIĞIMIZ)
CAN NOT BE
CAN NOT +V1
Example:I am getting married next month.
You CAN NOT be serious.
You CAN NOT be getting married.
You are still a student.
They CAN NOT be at home.
Because I know that they are on holiday.
PRESENT MEANING
MUST (for individuals (:Kişisel)
Example:You MUST do what I say,If you want to achieve.
You MUST wear ypur glasses OTHERWISE you will have problem about your eyes.
OBLIGATION(MECBURİYET)
HAVE TO
HAS TO +V1 (for eveybody)
Example:Everybody in our classroom HAS TO do the exercises for tomorrow.
FUTURE MEANING
Will have to (mecburiyetinde kalacağım)
Example:When we move to İstanbul.We WILL HAVE TO make new friends.
PERFECT MEANING
Have
Has had to +V1 (Yapmak mecburiyetinde kaldım.)
Example:they are wealthy today, but they HAVE HAD TO live in a poverty.
F)LACK OF NECESSITY (Yapmak mecburiyetinde olmak)
Present meaning
Do not need to
Need not do not have to +V1
Does not have to
Example:tomorrow is a holiday, so I DO NOT HAVE TO get up early.
NEED NOT
DO NOT NEED TO
PAST MEANING
DID NOT NEED TO +V1 (Gerekmediği için yapmadım.)
Example:My parent allowed to stay at my friend’s house.
I DID NOT NEED TO phone them again.
NEED NOT HAVE DONE(Gerek yoktu boşuna yaptım)
Example:I bought this wek’s magazine.
You NEED NOT HAVE BOUGHT it.I have already bought one.
PAST MEANING
COULD/COULD NOT
WAS/WERE ABLE TO
Example:He broke his leg.But he WAS ABLE TO attend the classes.
When I WAS a child,I could not ride a bike. (But I am a grown up today,I can ride a bike.)
When I was in New York I could practice my English.
Ali WAS late for class but he WAS ABLE TO catch the last part of the lecture.
PAST DEDUCTION
CAN NOT +HAVE +V3
1)I saw your dad at the market this morning.
You CAN NOT SEEN him because he was with me all morning.
2)She got engaged to Ali last night.
She CAN NOT HAVE GOT ENGAGED to Ali because sh eis my fiancee.
HAD TO +V1 (Yapmak mecburiyetinde kaldım.)
Example:She was late so she HAD TO take a taxi to school.
PRESENT
G)MUST –deduction-(sonuca varmak olumludur.)
Example:His car is in front of the house.
He MUST be at home
PAST
Must have + V3 --- 100% (+)
Can not have + V3---100% (-)
Example:ı rang them twice but they did not answer.
They MUST HAVE GONE out .
They CAN NOT HAVE BEEN at home.
PRESENT
H)ADVICE
SHOULD/SHOULD NOT
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT To
Example:You SHOULD see the play now.It is wonderful.(+)
You SHOULD NOT spaek so budly when you are in a hospiatal.(-)
HAD BETTER (İYİ OLUR)
Example:You HAD BETTER go now,it is getting late.(+)
You HAD BETTER NOT do it.It is not convinient.(-)
MUST
Example:She must wear her blue dress,it matches her eyes.
PAST MEANING
Should have V3
Example:you SHOULD HAVE ATTEND the classes more often.(But you did not)
Should not have V3
Example:She SHOULD NOT HAVE SHOUTED at him so rudely.(But she did.)
POSSIBILITY
Present meaning
May/might (olabilir)
Example:It is not certain,but they MAY invite you to the meeting.
I am not sure ,but she MAY fail again.
Maybe
perhaps
(Gerçekleşme yüzdesi 50 %)
It is LIKELY that +future tense
…………………..
(Mümkün,muhtemel)
Example:It was LIKELY THAT she would mary him.
She was LIKELY to mary him.
PAST MEANING
May have +V3
Might have +V3 …………….(-mış olabilir)
Example:She is late again. She MIGHT HAVE MISSED the school bus.
They could not find her.She MIGHT HAVE HAVE gone out with friends.
COULD HAVE +V3 (Yapabilirdi ama yapmadı.)
(It was choice to do it not to do it .)
I COULD HAVE BEEN ateacher but I became an engineer.
You COULD HAVE CAUSED a conflict but menaged to solve the problem.
J)SUGGESTIONS
-Why do not we stay here?/You go out.
-Let us stop here for a drink.
WHAT ABOUT +V-ing
Example:WHAT ABOUT going out tonight?
HOW ABOUT +V-ing (Ne dersin?)
Example:HOW ABOUT spending the night at the cafe?
SHALL I HELP YOU?(OFFER)
Example:SHALL WE watch TV and rest at home:?
WILL I tidy your room when you are out?
WILL YOU answer me correctly?(Bana doğru dürüst cevap verir misin?)
WOULD YOU MIND +V-ing?(Sakıncası var mı?)
Example:WOULD YOU MIND helping me with my English worksheet?
WOULD YOU MIND closing the door?It is too noisy here.
DO YOU MIND IF +Past tense
Example:Do you mind if I left now?
WOULD YOU LIKE TO +V1
Example:WOULD YOPU LIKE TO stay at home tonight?
K)PREFERENCE
WOULD RATHER (present)
I would rather +Verb
Example: I would rather go out THAN stay here.
She WOULD RATHER live in a small town THAN a big one.
WOULD RATHER (past) +HAVE +V3
(Tercih ederdim ama olmadı.)
Example:I WOULD RATHER HAVE bought a sport car THAN a second hand car.(But I could only buy a second car.)
WOULD PREFER (PRSENT MEANING)………..TERCİH EDERİM
Example: She WOULD PREFER TO buy a villa at the seaside TO a lat in the city centre.
BE SUPPOSED TO Verb 1 ………………...Karşınızdakilerin sizden beklentisi.
Example:A student is SUPPOSED TO do his/her best to succeed.
Engin WAS SUPPOSED TO meet the new director at the terminal. But he did not turn up .(Müdürü karşılaması ondan beklendi ama yapmadı.)
Susan WAS SUPPOSED TO mary him ,she broke up her relation last week.
(Onunla evlenmesi BEKLENİYORDU ama onunla ilişkisini bitirdi.)
L)HABITUALLY
USED TO +V1 (+) S+DID NOT USE TO +V1 (-) DID +S+USE TO +V (?)
Example:I USED TO LOVE that song very much when I am at high school.(But I do not love it any more)
She USED TO the cry a lot when she is a little child.(But she is a grown up today,sh edoes not cry.)
(-)She did not USE TO cook her meals when she was at university.(Now,she cooks herself.)
(?) DID YOU USE TO do a lot of homework when you were at school?
BE USED TO + V-ing
BE ACCUSTOMED TO +V-ing …………….ALIŞKINIM
Example:Do not wory.I am USED TO WORKING for long hours.
I am ACCUSTOMED TO WORKING for long hours.
It is just a problem to me because I AM NOT USED TO getting up early every day.
GET USED TO +Ving … BİR ŞEYE SONRADAN ALIŞMAK
Example:At first It WAS difficult for her tol ive in TURKEY because she was a stranger,but then she GOT USED TO LIVING in our country.
It will time,but I hope you will GET USED TO obeying the rules in the society in the future.
IT IS HIGH TIME
IT IS TIME +SENTENCE
Example:IT IS TIME to ask it.
I WOULD RATHER YOU +SENTENCE (past tense)
Example:I WOULD RATHER YOU answered it.
I WOULD RATHER YOU he bought it.
*MUST=I HAVE GOT TO *
Example:I HAVE GOT TO go now.
She HAS GOT TO find a job.
COULD (present)
Example:What is your plan for tonight?
We COULD g oto the theatre together.
USED TO =WOULD
Static words …..used to …….uzun süren hareket
Example: He USED TO liv ewith her family when she was singul.
REPEATED ACTIONS
She WOULD give me some chocolate whenever she saw me.(She always repeated.)
IF CLAUSES
A)TYPE I (POSSIBILITY IN THE FUTURE)
IF PRESENT + FUTURE
DO NOT/DOSE NOT WILL +V1
Example: I am not sure ,but she may come tomorrow.
IF she comes tomorrow,we WILL be have a good time.
There is a possibility that she will pay again.
IF she fails again,she WILL leave the scholl.
Maybe they move from Ankara.
IF they move from Ankara I will feel upset.
WILL you come with us IF we decide to go?
B)TYPE I
If + present +Future Continious
Future Perfect
Example:Everthing goes all right,I WILL HAVE FINISHED by next July.
IF she acts quickly,SHE WILL HAVE FINISHED the work by noon.
Do not wory,IF you decide to join us,we will be waiting for you in front of the cinema.
C)TYPE I
IF +PRESENT +MODALS (Can,may,must,have to had beter)
Example:If you study hard,you MAY pass the exam.
They HAVE TO revise a lot,IF they are bad at English.
D)TYPE I
IF +PRESENT +IMPERATIVES
V1
Example:IF you feel tired,rest(V1) a little.
IF you do not know the reason DO NOT interfere.
E)TYPE I
IF +MODALS +MODAL/FUTURE TENSE
Should
Example:IF you SHOULD meet her, you CAN talk about me.
IF I CAN do it ,I WILL help you.
IF she SHOULD find a job in a big city,she WILL leave.
F)IF PRESENT +PRESENT
Example:If the weather is nice,we usually spend the night outside.(This is our habit.)
IF she IS NOT busy,she always eager to help me.(Habitual)
IF a person shouts me, I get angry.(It ismy charasteric)
A)TYPE II (UNREAL PRESENT)
IF + PAST +WOULD/BE V-ING TODAY
COULD TONIGHT
WOULD HAVE TO V1 THIS WEEK
NEXT WEEK
Example:I am not an educated person.
IF I WERE an educated person ,I WOULD lead a different life.In fact I know,I am illitereate.
She is not in a good mood TODAY.
IF she felt beter,she WOULD join us.(How she is at the moment.)
They do not earn more Money,so they are in debt.
IF they earned alot of Money,they WOULD NOT be in debt.
If she HAD a problem,I WOULD solv eit.What WOULD you say IF you saw your boyfriend with agirl?
IF I SAW him a girl,I WOULD break off /breake up/split up
IF he DID NOT have an exam TOMORROW.He WOULD not BE satying at home.
A)TYPE III UNREAL PAST
IF+PAST PERFECT+WOULD HAVE +V3
Example:She DID NOT get married to him,she led a miserable.life.
IF She HAD got married to him,she WOULD HAVE Let a miserable life.
I did not meet him,I COULD NOT ask.,,
IF I HAD MET him, I COULD HAVE asked.
WOULD have
MIGHT have
She WAS NOT in,so I COULD not visit her.
IF SHe HAD BEEN in,I COULD HAVE visited her.
MIXED TYPE
Type 3 type 2
IF+had +V3 WOULD V1 now
Last week
Last night
Example:She DID NOT follow my advice.Now, she feels regret.
IF She HAD FOLLOWED my advice,she WOULD NOT feel regret.
He drove the car very fast now, he is injured..
IF he DID NOT DRIVE the car very fast , he WOULD NOT be injured NOW.
He Did not accept my offer.He is unemploeyed today.
IF he HAD ACCEPTED my offer,he WOULD NOT be unemloyed TODAY.
TYPE 1 TYPE III
If present , would have V3
Example:IF she is clever as you you HAVE SAID, She WOULD NOT HAVE made a mistake.
IF he is tired,as he said, he WOULD HAVE GONE on working.(In fact he is not tired.)
IF you know how to go,you WOULD not HAVE got lost.
TYPE II TYPE I
IF+Past WILL +V1
Example:She does not earn much,she can not afford it.
IF She EARNED a lot of Money,she WILL afford.(Çok kazansa karşılar.)
INVERSION OF IF CLAUSE
TYPE I
IF PRESENT +FUTURE
Example:IF she knows English.She will find a good job.
SHOULD she know English,she will find a good job.
IF he does not invite met o diner,I will get crossed with him.
SHOULD he NOT invite met o diner,I will get crossed with him.
IF she is ready,we can leave now.
SHOULD she be raedy,we can leave now.
TYPE II
IF +PAST +WOULD V1
WERE
Example:IF she WERE me she WOULD NOT behave so.
WERE she me,she WOULD NOT behave so.
IF she had some Money with her,Sh ewould give me.
WERE she “to have” some money with her she WOULD give me.
TYPE III
PAST PERFECT +WOULD HAVE +V3
Example:IF you had listened to me carefully you WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN in trouble.
HAD you NOT listened to me carefully, you WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN in trouble.
IF she had not lost her way ,she would have got here on time.
HAD She NOT lost her way,she would have got here on time.
OTHER CONDITIONALS
ONLY IF
EXAMPLE:ONLY IF you get up early,can you catch the bus.
ONLY IF she phones me,will I join them.
AS LONG AS:
SO LONG AS : ………. Sürece…….
Example:You can use my car AS LONG AS you return it.
PROVIDED/PROVIDING (ŞARTIYLA)
IN CASE (OLURSA DİYE)
UNLESS=IF NOT (UYARI)……type 1 e aittir.
Example: I will not let you go out IF you do not obey the rules.
: I will not let you go out UNLESS you do not obey the rules.
She will not be succesful UNLESS she studies hard.
OTHERWISE
Example: I am so busy at the moment OTHERWISE I WOULD(will değil) help you.
She is so poor OTHERWISE she WOULD have fashionable car.
WISH CLAUSES (Dilek)
A)I WISH +PAST TENSE +V2 ( Present )
“could”
Example:I am in class and I have to study.
I WISH I WAS/WERE on holiday now.
I am going away next weekend so I can not meet you.
I WISH I WAS NOT
WERE NOT going away and I COULD meet you
She does not know ho wto talk to people.
I WISH she WAS NOT
WERE NOT so rude.
TYPE II (UNREAL PAST) …….Geçmişle ilgili pişmanlık……..
I WISH +PAST PERFECT
Example:I could not attend the meeting yesterday.because I had no time.
I WISH I HAD ATTENDED the meeting
Could have attended
She did not keep her promise.
I WISH She HAD KEPT her promise.
TYPE 3 (Gelecek ile ilgili beklentiler/Şu an şikayetçi olduğumuz durumlar için kullanılır.)
*I öznesi ile asla kullanılmaz.*
*I öznesi would ile kullanılmaz.
I Wish +Would +V1
Example:My husband never helps me with the house work.
I wish he WOULD help.
It is raining havily,we can not go now.
I WISH it WOULD stop raining.
Our teacher always gives a lot of homework.
I WISH she WOULD NOT give so much homework.
IF ONLY =I WISH
If only/I wish I knew what to say but I do not know.
IF ONLY/I wish You gave me a hand you never do it.
I did not do it on purpose.I did not want to apologize for it.
IF I hgad done it on purpose I WOULD have apolkigized.
I am broke now so I can not help you.
IF I were not broke now,I COULD help you.
There is a possibility that she can join us tomorrow.
If she join us tomorrow,I will be happy.
I have to work now,so I feel bored.
I WISH I did not have to work now.
They did not invite me to their party.
I WISH they had invited me.
IF I COULD NOT afford it ,I WOULD be sorry.
(I can afford it,so I am not be sory.)
You did not obey the rules so you are punished.
IF You HAD OBEYED the rules earlier you WOULD NOT b epunished today.
She always causes the trouble in class.
I WISH she WOULD NOT cause.(Şikayet söz konusu burada)
He never lets m ego out with my friends at weekend.
I WISH my father WOULD let me go out with my friends at weekend.
She is shouting loudly and this makes feel disturb.
I WISH she WOULD stop shouting loudly.
You are going away next weekend.
IF WISH you WERE NOT going away next weekend.
She explains what she means,we do not wait fopr an answer.
IF she DID NOT explain what she meant we WOULD be still waiting for an answer.
They will not accept our offer so I am furious annoyed.
IF they accepted our offer ,I WOULD NOT be annoyed.
She did not attend the classes sos he failed the test.
IF she HAD ATTENDED the classes regularly she WOULD NOT fail the test today.
She is not at home now,she can not explain the truth to her.
IF she WAS at home at the moment,we COULD explain the truth her.
We could not catch the meaning so we could not translate it into Turkish.
IF we HAD CAUGHT the meaning,we COULD HAVE translated it into Turkish.
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ADJACTIVE+AS